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wombat1138(meant more as a reminder to me than a useful resource)
From a discussion of the game of go: "The vagueness inherent in atsumi is why it can be translated often as influence, and the concreteness of atsusa is why it can be rendered as solidity." (from atsui, "thick"; different kanji from atsui, "hot")
Generally, the stems of -i adjectives act like verbs and the stems of -na adjectives act like nouns, although their grammatical function still remains adjectival (at least from an English-language POV). Some -na adjectives, such as kirei-na, superficially resemble -i adjectives. Deal with it.
-i adjectives, stem + sa (kawaii -> kawaisa): abstract noun implying comparable degrees of a quality (extraordinary/concrete manifestation of cuteness?)
(also works for -na adjectives? "kirei na" -> "kireisa"? @#*^@x.)
-i adjectives, stem + mi (kawaii -> kawaimi): abstract noun implying Boolean existence of a quality (does *any* measureable degree of cuteness exist?)
any adjectives, entire word + no : concrete noun identified by the adjective ("kawaii no", the cute one)
-i adjectives, stem + ku (kawaii -> kawaiku): adverb (cutely)
-na adjectives, stem + ni (kirei-na -> kirei-ni): adverb (beautifully)
-i adjectives, stem + kute (kawaii -> kawaikute): Takeo Kamiya's adjective/adverb book refers to this as the "continuative" form, but it might be better to remember it as the "additive" form instead for reasons explained below.
-i adjectives, stem + shi (kawaii -> kawaishi): this is what I should probably think of as the "true" continuative form.
The -shi/-kute distinction seems to be notionally similar to the way the particles ya/to link nouns together. Both "ya" and "to" can be translated as "and", but the former is an open-ended list while the latter is closed-ended. If you ask who's in a certain doujinshi and you get the answer "Saitou to Hiko to Yahiko", then Saitou, Hiko, and Yahiko are the only characters involved (eek), but if the answer is "Saitou ya Hiko ya Yahiko", then those are just illustrative examples and the rest of the cast could include Enishi, Tsubame, and Ikumatsu (even more eek).
Similarly, if something is described as "kawaikute akai", then its main characteristics are that it's cute and red. But if it's "kawaishi akai", then it's cute and red without those necessarily being the most important qualities it has. Another way I've seen the distinction described is "static lists" (to, -kute) vs. "dynamic lists" (ya, -shi), or whether the list is punctuated at the end with a period or an ellipsis.
Since -i adjectives are verblike, apparently there's also a -shi form of verbs, but I can't find any more info about it yet other than that it exists, presumably in parallel to the -te gerund/participle-ish form. (To further complicate things, lists of nouns and -na adjectives can also be formed with "de": "Nishi-chan wa, tora de, kirei de, shiroi"?) Yargh.
This new resource I've found says of "shi", "When you want to list reasons for multiple states or actions you can do so by adding 「し」 [shi] to the end of each subordinate clause. It is very similar to the 「や」 [ya] particle except that it lists reasons for verbs and state of being. Again, for states of being, 「だ」 [da] must be used to explicitly declared for any non-conjugated noun or na-adjective."
I think I just melted my brain for the day. ~nururu~ as it slathers down out of my head onto the carpet.
From a discussion of the game of go: "The vagueness inherent in atsumi is why it can be translated often as influence, and the concreteness of atsusa is why it can be rendered as solidity." (from atsui, "thick"; different kanji from atsui, "hot")
Generally, the stems of -i adjectives act like verbs and the stems of -na adjectives act like nouns, although their grammatical function still remains adjectival (at least from an English-language POV). Some -na adjectives, such as kirei-na, superficially resemble -i adjectives. Deal with it.
-i adjectives, stem + sa (kawaii -> kawaisa): abstract noun implying comparable degrees of a quality (extraordinary/concrete manifestation of cuteness?)
(also works for -na adjectives? "kirei na" -> "kireisa"? @#*^@x.)
-i adjectives, stem + mi (kawaii -> kawaimi): abstract noun implying Boolean existence of a quality (does *any* measureable degree of cuteness exist?)
any adjectives, entire word + no : concrete noun identified by the adjective ("kawaii no", the cute one)
-i adjectives, stem + ku (kawaii -> kawaiku): adverb (cutely)
-na adjectives, stem + ni (kirei-na -> kirei-ni): adverb (beautifully)
-i adjectives, stem + kute (kawaii -> kawaikute): Takeo Kamiya's adjective/adverb book refers to this as the "continuative" form, but it might be better to remember it as the "additive" form instead for reasons explained below.
-i adjectives, stem + shi (kawaii -> kawaishi): this is what I should probably think of as the "true" continuative form.
The -shi/-kute distinction seems to be notionally similar to the way the particles ya/to link nouns together. Both "ya" and "to" can be translated as "and", but the former is an open-ended list while the latter is closed-ended. If you ask who's in a certain doujinshi and you get the answer "Saitou to Hiko to Yahiko", then Saitou, Hiko, and Yahiko are the only characters involved (eek), but if the answer is "Saitou ya Hiko ya Yahiko", then those are just illustrative examples and the rest of the cast could include Enishi, Tsubame, and Ikumatsu (even more eek).
Similarly, if something is described as "kawaikute akai", then its main characteristics are that it's cute and red. But if it's "kawaishi akai", then it's cute and red without those necessarily being the most important qualities it has. Another way I've seen the distinction described is "static lists" (to, -kute) vs. "dynamic lists" (ya, -shi), or whether the list is punctuated at the end with a period or an ellipsis.
Since -i adjectives are verblike, apparently there's also a -shi form of verbs, but I can't find any more info about it yet other than that it exists, presumably in parallel to the -te gerund/participle-ish form. (To further complicate things, lists of nouns and -na adjectives can also be formed with "de": "Nishi-chan wa, tora de, kirei de, shiroi"?) Yargh.
This new resource I've found says of "shi", "When you want to list reasons for multiple states or actions you can do so by adding 「し」 [shi] to the end of each subordinate clause. It is very similar to the 「や」 [ya] particle except that it lists reasons for verbs and state of being. Again, for states of being, 「だ」 [da] must be used to explicitly declared for any non-conjugated noun or na-adjective."
I think I just melted my brain for the day. ~nururu~ as it slathers down out of my head onto the carpet.